Welding 코드 Standards Directory
Every major 구조용 용접 코드 in one place. AWS D1.1 through D1.9, ASME Section IX, API 1104, and CSA W59 — each with a 무료 가이드 covering scope, key 요구사항, and 예열 rules. Find the 표준 that governs your project, then use our calculators for specific requirements.
AWS D1.x — Structural 용접 Codes
The AWS D1.x series covers structural welding for specific materials and applications. D1.1 governs carbon steel, D1.2 aluminum, D1.3 sheet steel, D1.4 reinforcing steel, D1.5 bridges, D1.6 stainless steel, D1.8 seismic supplement, and D1.9 titanium. Each code shares the same 조항 framework with material-specific requirements.
The AWS D1 family covers structural welding across different materials and applications. D1.1 is the base code for structural steel. Each subsidiary code (D1.2 through D1.9) addresses a specific material or application that requires different welding rules than general structural steel.
The primary structural welding code for steel. Covers carbon and low-alloy steels thicker than 3/16 inch. Preheat requirements in 표 5.11 based on steel 범주, 두께, and hydrogen level. Prequalified WPS under Clause 5. The most widely referenced welding code in the world.
Structural welding of aluminum alloys. 최대 preheat and 층간 온도 of 250°F (120°C) for heat-treatable alloys. Holding time shall not exceed 15 minutes. Addresses hot cracking susceptibility rather than hydrogen cracking. SMAW is not permitted.
Structural welding of sheet steel and cold-formed members with thickness of 3/16 inch (5 mm) or less. Five arc processes: GMAW, FCAW, SMAW, GTAW, SAW. Explicitly permits GMAW short-circuit transfer (excluded from D1.1 prequalification). Prequalified WPS under Clause 5. Sheet-to-structural connections governed by normative Annex A.
Welding of reinforcing steel (rebar). Preheat based on 탄소 당량 and bar 크기 per Table 7.2. Two CE formulas (Clause 1.5.4 Eq. 1 and Eq. 2). Fillet welds are prequalified per Clause 8.1.2.1 (except GTAW). When welding rebar to structural steel, use the higher preheat of D1.4 and D1.1.
Welding of highway bridge structures. Separate preheat tables for non-fracture-critical (Tables 6.3/6.4) and fracture-critical (Tables 12.4–12.8) members. FC requirements include hydrogen level and 입열량 as additional variables. Covers HPS steels (HPS345W through HPS690W).
Structural welding of stainless steel. 최소 preheat is to remove moisture. Maximum interpass 온도 of 350°F (175°C) for austenitic grades. Clause 5 scope is austenitic stainless only (per Clause 1.4.7). Different metallurgical concerns than carbon steel — sensitization and ferrite control rather than hydrogen cracking.
Supplements D1.1 for seismic applications. Adds demand-critical 용접 designations, CVN toughness requirements (two-tier: 20 ft-lbf baseline + 40 ft-lbf cold-service), maximum interpass temperature of 550°F, and restricted welding procedures. Uses D1.1 preheat tables. Current edition: 2021 (4th Edition).
Structural welding of titanium. Minimum preheat 60°F nor below ambient temperature. No preheat table — thermal control focuses on contamination 예방 (O2/N2) rather than hydrogen cracking. Shielding gas per AWS A5.32. Explicitly excludes aerospace structures from scope.
AWS A5.x — 용가재 Specifications
The AWS A5 series classifies welding filler metals by type, chemistry, and mechanical properties. Each A5 사양 defines the designation system, 시험 requirements, and performance criteria for a class of consumables. Understanding A5 classifications is essential for matching filler metals to base metals and meeting code requirements.
Complete guide to AWS filler metal specifications: A5.1 (SMAW carbon steel), A5.5 (SMAW low-alloy), A5.18 (GMAW/GTAW carbon steel), A5.20 (FCAW carbon steel), A5.28 (GMAW/GTAW low-alloy), A5.36 (FCAW/GMAW carbon and low-alloy), and A5.9 (stainless steel). Covers the 전극 designation system and how to read filler metal classifications like E7018 and E71T-1C.
ASME Section IX — Qualification Standards
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section IX governs 용접 자격 for pressure equipment. It uses P-numbers for base metals and F-numbers for filler metals. Unlike D1.1, ASME IX has no prequalified WPS path — every procedure requires qualification by testing with a PQR.
ASME Section IX is the qualification standard used by the pressure vessel and piping industries. It defines the rules for qualifying welding procedures (WPS/PQR) and welders/operators (WPQ) across all ASME construction codes.
The qualification standard for welding procedures and welders under all ASME construction codes. Organizes base metals by P-Numbers and filler metals by F-Numbers. Essential, supplementary essential, and nonessential variables govern qualification ranges. Used with ASME I, II, III, IV, VIII, and B31 codes.
ASME IX P-Numbers group base metals by 용접성 characteristics to reduce the number of procedure qualifications needed. F-Numbers group filler metals by usability. Understanding both is essential for determining qualification ranges and allowable substitutions.
Pipeline & Canadian Standards
API 1104 governs cross-country 배관 용접 in the United States. CSA W59 governs structural steel construction in Canada. CSA W47.1 governs company certification through the Canadian Welding Bureau. AS/NZS 1554 covers 구조용 강재 용접 in Australia and New Zealand.
Governs welding of carbon and low-alloy steel pipe for transmission and distribution of petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas. Uses its own qualification system separate from both D1.1 and ASME IX. Covers both manual and mechanized/automatic welding.
Canadian standard for structural welded steel construction. The Canadian counterpart to AWS D1.1 with some differences in approach to preheat, procedure qualification, and 검사. Used in conjunction with CSA S16 (design) and CSA W47.1 (company certification).
Australian and New Zealand standard for structural steel welding. Covers seven 아크 용접 processes, uses continuous preheat curves based on weldability groups (1–12), and classifies welds into GP (General Purpose) and SP (Structural Purpose) categories.
Governs the certification of companies performing fusion welding of steel structures in Canada. Establishes the company-level quality requirements, supervisor qualifications, and audit processes. Required for structural steel fabrication in most Canadian jurisdictions.
Standard Selection Guide
Choosing the correct welding code depends on the application, structural demands, industry sector, and geographic jurisdiction. Each standard defines its own procedure qualification rules, inspection criteria, and 합격 기준 한계. Use this table to identify which standard governs your project and understand the key differences between codes.
| Standard | Scope | Industry | Geography | Prequalified WPS? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWS D1.1 | Structural steel | Buildings, industrial | United States | Yes |
| AWS D1.5 | Highway bridges | Transportation | United States | NFC only |
| ASME IX | Pressure equipment | Oil & gas, power | Global | No |
| API 1104 | Pipelines | Oil & gas | Global | No |
| CSA W59 | Structural steel | Buildings | Canada | Yes |
| AS/NZS 1554 | Structural steel | Buildings, bridges | Australia/NZ | Yes (SP) |
Quality Management & Coordination
International standards such as ISO 3834 and ISO 14731 define the quality management and coordination requirements for welding. The welding coordinator role (Responsible Welding Coordinator per ISO 14731) is required for companies certified to ISO 3834 and EN 1090.
Compliance Tools
Clause5 provides free compliance calculators for D1.1 (preheat Table 5.11, 필릿 용접 크기 Table 7.7, carbon equivalent Annex B, heat input, 용착 속도), D1.5 (bridge preheat Tables 12.4-12.8), D1.4 (rebar preheat Table 7.2), and CSA W59 (preheat Table 5.3).
Free calculators and reference tools for the most common compliance lookups across these standards.
Look up minimum 예열 온도 from D1.1 Table 5.11. Select steel, process, and thickness to get the exact temperature requirement.
Preheat lookup for fracture-critical and non-fracture-critical bridge members per D1.5 Tables 6.3/6.4 and 12.4–12.8.
Preheat lookup based on carbon equivalent and bar size per D1.4 Table 7.2.
Preheat lookup for Canadian structural steel welding per CSA W59:2018 Table 5.3. Select steel grade group, 용접 공정, hydrogen designator, and thickness.
Calculate carbon equivalent (CE) using both the IIW formula and the Pcm formula from your mill test report chemistry.
Calculate arc energy and heat input from 전압, 전류, and 용접 속도. Supports kJ/in and kJ/mm units.
Look up minimum 필릿 용접 size per D1.1 Table 7.7. Enter material thickness to get the code-required minimum leg size.
Estimate 용접 금속 deposition rate and electrode consumption for common welding processes and filler metals.
Determine required inspection methods (VT, RT, UT, MT, PT) per D1.1:2025 Clause 8 Table 8.2 by joint type, weld category, and loading condition.
What goes into a 용접 절차 사양서 under D1.1, when you need one, and the difference between prequalified and non-prequalified WPSs.
When a 절차 인증 기록 is required, what testing is needed, and how essential variables affect re-qualification.
Frequently Asked Questions
AWS D1.1 is the base structural welding code for steel. D1.8 supplements D1.1 with additional requirements for seismic applications, including demand-critical weld designations, CVN toughness testing, and restricted welding procedures for connections in the seismic force-resisting system. D1.8 does not replace D1.1 — it adds to it.
AWS D1.2 covers structural welding of aluminum. It addresses the unique challenges of welding aluminum alloys including hot cracking susceptibility, the maximum preheat and interpass temperature of 250 degrees Fahrenheit (120 degrees Celsius) for heat-treatable alloys, and holding time limits to prevent over-aging. D1.2 permits GMAW, GTAW, PAW-VP, FSW, and SAW but does not permit SMAW.
API 1104 governs welding of pipelines and related facilities. It covers carbon and low-alloy steel pipe used in transmission and distribution systems for petroleum, petrochemical, and gas products. API 1104 uses its own qualification system that is separate from both AWS D1.1 and ASME Section IX.
It depends on the governing code. Structural steel buildings typically use AWS D1.1 (or D1.8 for seismic). Pressure vessels and boilers use ASME IX for welder and procedure qualification. Bridges use AWS D1.5. Pipelines use API 1104. Canadian steel construction uses CSA W59. The engineer of record or contract documents will specify which code applies.
Standards Coverage — 80 Standards Across 9 Families
Clause5 covers 80 welding and fabrication standards across 9 major standards families. Each standard is extracted, verified, and encoded into our compliance engine.
D1.1 Steel, D1.2 Aluminum, D1.3 Sheet Steel, D1.4 Reinforcing Steel, D1.5 Bridges, D1.6 Stainless Steel, D1.7 Strengthening & 보수, D1.8 Seismic, D1.9 Titanium.
A5.1, A5.4, A5.5, A5.7, A5.8, A5.9, A5.10, A5.11, A5.14, A5.16, A5.18, A5.20, A5.21, A5.28, A5.32, A5.36 — covering SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, FCAW, SAW filler metals for carbon steel, low-alloy, stainless, nickel, aluminum, and titanium.
B1.10 Guide for WPSs, B1.11 Guide for 육안 검사, B2.1 Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, B4.0 Mechanical Testing, B5.1 CWI Qualification, and related qualification standards.
Section II Materials, Section V NDE, Section VIII Div 1 & 2, Section IX Welding Qualifications, plus PCC-2 Repair and related pressure equipment standards.
B31.1 Power Piping and B31.3 Process Piping — the two most widely used piping codes governing design, fabrication, and inspection.
API 1104 Pipeline Welding, API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection, API 570 Piping Inspection, API 571 Damage Mechanisms, API 577 Welding Inspection, API 650 Tanks, API 653 Tank Inspection, and related petroleum standards.
ISO 3834 Quality Requirements, ISO 9606 Welder Qualification, ISO 14731 Welding Coordination, ISO 15607/15609/15614 WPS Qualification, ISO 5817 Imperfection Levels — the global framework for welding quality management.
EN 1090 Execution of Steel Structures, EN 13480 Metallic Industrial Piping, EN 13445 Unfired Pressure Vessels — CE marking and European fabrication requirements.
CSA W59 Welded Steel Construction and CSA W47.1 Certification of Companies for Fusion Welding — the Canadian structural welding framework.